Strategic Management Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategic Management Analysis - Essay Example With the company being driven towards revolutionizing the locomotive industry by 2020, the company made a difference through offering alternative mechanisms of powering locomotives by use of electricity, which is seen to be less hazardous while compared to the fossil fuels commonly used. Despite the fact that the electricity technology for locomotive propulsion existed even prior to the combustion engine technology, the Better Place organization is celebrated for improving on these ideas and designing improved systems for revolutionizing the industry. This therefore imply that the absence of the organization would imply that no solution to the problem of green gas emissions highly contributed by the locomotive industry would have been found and no efforts would be pursued to make the world a better places as the organization envisions. Better Place’s Visions: the organization’s main vision had been to link together the main players within the locomotive industry globall y for a more unified system in production and improvement of the locomotives produced. This meant that unification of customers, car companies, utilities as well as battery companies would ensure that the electric vehicles would be widely adopted. Besides, owing to the major hurdle that the EVs faced in reduced mobility, the company has a vision to improve on mobility of the EVs (Etzion and Struben, 2011, p. 5). Better Place’s stakeholders: The main stakeholders in the Better Place organization were the various governments that were supportive to the initiative and which are affiliated through registration and financial support, as well as general auto manufacturers interested into such a promising venture. Despite the governments contributing on financial resources, they also aided through policy frameworks to create an enabling environment in respective countries. Ideas and general infrastructure of manufacture of such vehicles was offered by the auto manufacturing companie s affiliated to the ideology of better place on the planet. Scenarios and industry analysis: The locomotive industry has undergone great and notable steps over generations since the initial era when transportation was through animal driven locomotives. Technological advancement brought about the discovery of the steam engine, which was initially developed for farm mechanization but later it was adopted for personalized mobility. However, with basic notable shortcomings in use of steam engines for personalized movement, the electric vehicle was designed in the early years of 19th century. Preference of electric vehicles to steam vehicles was on cleanliness, little noise and general ease of use. It is worth noting that the EVs were more expensive to the steam ones but by the close of the 19th century, more EVs were sold. Henry Ford later invented the ‘assembly line’, which is equally celebrated as a remarkable step in revolutionizing the locomotive industry by reducing ma nufacture time as well as the related costs of labor. The Ford, Chrysler as well as the General motor companies was the dominant companies in the time, which specialized in manufacture of the ICE vehicles though others slowly came in. It is to be noted however that the effects of use of the fossil fuels by the ICE are adverse to human health and the

Roles and Responsibilities of a Teacher in the Life Long Learning Sector Essay Example for Free

Roles and Responsibilities of a Teacher in the Life Long Learning Sector Essay Role of a teacher in the lifelong learning sector This case study investigates the role and responsibilities of a teacher in the lifelong learning sector. I am a piano and guitar tutor on a one to one basis, so I have my own views and methods on teaching. However, I thought it would be interesting to study how a teacher deals with a whole class, as opposed to just one pupil. Further to the research for the study, an interview was conducted with Joe Bloggs, a teacher in School X. The interview examined a number of areas including: roles and responsibilities, boundaries, promoting equality and diversity, safe and supportive learning environments, promoting appropriate behaviour, legal and moral responsibilities, the challenges and rewards of the role and how Joe has had to adapt and respond to the ongoing changes in the lifelong learning sector. The first question covered what Joe considered to be his main responsibility as a teacher; to engage and motivate young people in the subject of music and learning in general. He uses a variety of methods to accomplish this. For example, practical sessions/role play and getting everyone involved, as well as written assessments, presentations and various visual tasks to ensure all different types of learners are accounted for. This is effective when teaching music history /theory, however, when a student is learning to play an instrument, all these areas are covered naturally. Joe allows his pupils to make mistakes, for example, if a pupil is playing a piece of music and they hit a wrong note, he will wait to see if they can identify that they were out of tune first. This is another way of working on their aural skills. If they do not pick up on it he ensures the mistakes are addressed and provides help and advice to rectify the problem. Conjointly, we addressed the topic of promoting equality and diversity. Joe feels strongly about this and his approach is through film/music stimulation, with focus on a particular character or topic. Two popular examples of this are Forest Gump, where the main character has a disability and the film ‘The Island’ which deals with race issues. Using this method has proven effective, as Joe has found through reflective discussions with the class after watching the film. One of the challenges that Joe has had to face during his time in the teaching profession is behaviour problems with the pupils. This covered a whole spectrum of issues such as disruptions, bad attitude, pupils refusing to complete tasks and even verbal abuse and physical threats. The methods in which Joe deals with this brings me onto the field of boundaries between the teacher and pupil. Along with legal boundaries, and following rules and regulations according to the Code of Conduct and Data Protection Act – physical boundaries are extremely important. When teaching/dealing with a pupil, he says distance must be kept, however, he feels that in most cases, experience will enable friendly and approachable relationships. If a matter was to arise that was out of his hands, it would be his duty to report it to the school safeguarding officer/counsellor. Another way in which he deals with this is to set a good example to the pupils, as ensuring appropriate behaviour is a major factor in maintaining a safe and supportive learning environment. Joe adopts a friendly and positive attitude towards his pupils, ensuring that he never raises his voice, yet be firm and serious where necessary. The aim of this is so that the pupils’ perception of their teacher is approachable, but at the same time they see their teacher as a figure of authority. Although this has proved quite demanding, the biggest challenge Joe has had to face is the ever-changing development in technology. He tried to continue his teaching without it but this became increasingly difficult due to changes in assessment criteria and the demand of technology in general, particularly in music. Music has developed throughout the years, for example, we don’t need to compose music for ourselves these days. We can use music programs to do that for us, such as Garageband or Sibelius. Joe decided the only way to tackle this is to embrace it. This has helped a great deal with teaching and by doing this he has furthered his own education. The school that Joe teaches at has recently become an academy, so it is now more performing arts-orientated where as before, the school focused more on the academic side of things. This has forced him to take on a bigger work load and thus proved his capability to adapt and respond to changes quickly. Joe’s response to a lot of the questions portrays how education in music and generally has evolved with respect to time and the steps he has had to take in order to meet the requirements of his role and adapt to the ongoing changes. When faced with the question regarding ethical responsibilities, he had some interesting techniques on how he engaged this topic with his pupils. Practice is an essential for learning an instrument, Joe motivates and encourages his pupils that regular practice is the key to progression. He evaluates progress with tests covering all different types of learning such as aural, sight reading, written, and through practical tests. Both Joe and I have found that through music, it is easy to distinguish the strengths and weaknesses of our pupils and how they best learn. For example, one person may be able to listen to a piece of music and play by ear, whereas the next pupil will not be able to do that, but will excel in reading the music. Joe understands it is important to acknowledge the strengths and weaknesses of each individual and sees that each pupil is facilitated for in order to help them achieve their full potential. Joe mentioned various internal and external points of referral, for example, the awarding bodies, and the Academy’s safeguarding officers/counsellors. It is evident that he has a strong passion for music as he gave up his career as a pilot in order to pursue his music career. In defiance of the challenges Joe has been faced with, his subtle, yet dynamic and enthusiastic approach helped him to overcome them. I found during my time with Joe, that although there are many generic rules, responsibilities and boundaries that all teachers/tutors have to adhere to, there are also those that are specific and subject to the area of study. It is imperative that these are recognised in order to achieve a finer understanding of the role of the teacher.

The Problems of Facebook :: Social Networking, Pro Con Essays

The popular site, Facebook.com, has amassed more than one billion registrants since it started in February 2004. It is another social networking site, just like MySpace.com and Xanga.com, which is common to High School and College students. But this is no ordinary site; people’s lives literally revolve around Facebook. I have a Facebook account and log in at least once a day. I personally believe that Facebook is a fun and interactive site. However, some students may not feel that same way because they have encountered some negative aspects, aside from Facebook’s legal problems. Students who want to find jobs may regret posting private pictures and comments on Facebook. Employers not only screen resumes and conduct interviews, but also view job candidates’ Facebook profiles. The boss wants to know if the applicant is actually a â€Å"professional.† Pictures may show the person drinking, smoking, or doing other unprofessional activities. Offensive comments can also hurt an applicant’s chances of getting the job. Not many Colleges check up on their students through Facebook, but Oxford University is an expert at doing just that. Any picture or comment pertaining to illegal activities will lead to a student being charged with a fine. Since I am about to head off to college soon, I would disapprove of this invasion of privacy. Nonetheless, other colleges may soon pick up this way to spy on their students. Just as MySpace has online predators, Facebook may have some too. Some Facebook users have profiles with personal information that are visible to everyone. AOL screen names, phone numbers, and even addresses are posted on the site. Police are now looking into Facebook because a few convicted sex offenders have registered on the site. The entire Facebook company is being sued by three owners of ConnectU, which is another social networking site.

Colonial Persuasion :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  27, 2002 â€Å"Radical Declaration† Gentlemen, there comes a time in all of our lives when we must stand up to our overseers. As our fellow countryman, Thomas Paine, declared, â€Å"It is ridiculous for an island to rule part of a continent, 3000 miles away.† Moreover, the restrictions on trade, the newly passed declaration allowing for the quartering of large bodies of armed British troops, and the closing of the port of Boston, shows that our dictator is unwilling to compromise on these â€Å"Intolerable Acts.† Furthermore, it seems as though it is but a small group of wealthy, extremely privileged, land owning loyals, who wish to remain under this tyranny. The king refuses to hear our grievances and has even disallowed us trial by jury. The esteemed patriot and my good friend and neighbor, Samuel Adams, tells me that he has received word from â€Å"A Virginian who wrote home from London that King George’s own House of Commons says he is ‘very obstinate’ and ‘shan’t continue to reign with any peaceable conduct toward the colonies’.† (Langguth, 28) So my friends, I ask you all how long can we continue to be treated as hostiles? Why should we wish to remain loyal to a country that deprived us of religious freedoms for generations, not to mention those of us who have no tie to the king and Britain at all? Why should we not seek independence? Why should we give into our selfish, greedy, loyalist neighbors, while the British troops are killing our friends, attacking our cities, and laying sole claim to OUR goods? I say we put a sharp and decisive end to our ties with the tyrannical king and HIS country. This bold declarative statement, however, will require the support and backing of all colonists not just my northernmost neighbors.

Gallery Review †Nancy Lang Essay

Today, the 9th of March, I have heard of the Pyo Gallery, and as soon as I heard that it was in Wangjing, I changed my plan from going to the Dashanzi District to trying the new place. It was hidden in several other galleries. I was lucky to get there before the exhibition time was over. The owner was a Korean, who kindly explained some paintings for me. I was glad to find out that they currently had an exhibition of Nancy Lang’s art. I have always wanted to find out more about Nancy Lang ever since I have seen her in person at the art fare I have been to, in Korea last summer. There was her trademark series of ‘Taboo Yogini’ paintings of which I have seen one piece of it before. Among all of the paintings that looked similar in overall size and image, I preferred this particular painting the most. Nancy Lang is an American born-Korean Pop artist who is very young and innovative. This piece of her is named the ‘Taboo Yogini, Swinger’ and has an enormous size of 210 x 175 cm. She used mixed media on canvas to create this huge piece. This painting was finished in the year 2006, when she was 27. On this humungous canvas, there is a big character in the middle which has the body of a robot and a head of a girl with some abstract and obscure figures as legs. The subject has a basket full of tennis balls in its right hand. The light-blue background is solid with no value. The most interesting aspect about this art piece is the mysterious figure placed in the center holding the viewers attention. This piece looks more like a collage than a painting with images attached on the screen. The positive space is the one and only subject on the canvas. The body, which appears to be a robot, contains the three primary colors with a considerable amount of white. These colors together form a fancy image of a child’s robot toy, attracting the viewers’ eyes to the center of the figure, which is where the head is placed. An image of the head of a human girl is used, juxtaposing the robot body. In the figure’s right hand there is a basket of lime green tennis balls. In the lower part of the art piece, as the legs of the main subject there are two obscure figures that could be hardly described. On the left side there is a fan shaped quadrilateral printed on a shiny material, and on the right side there is a figure that seems like a mixture of blood vessels and bones. The objects do not seem to have any connection between them, but as a whole they get together very well forming one huge body. The negative space is painted in one tone of light-blue, which helps the subject to stand out. Unlike its visual texture the actual texture of the piece is very smooth just like a painting. Nancy Lang is famous for her mysterious art pieces and unconventional performances. She is a multi-talented young woman who wants to be famous and rich, according to her own words. She actually has played a violin in the middle of a street wearing Victoria Secret lingerie and red high heels with kabuki style makeup. In her series of Taboo Yogini, she mixes up diverse icons to create a sort of cyborg that she declares to be the ironical face of the democracies we live in. According to her, this character Yogini, which originally means a yoga trainee, points to an existence between an angel and devil. So the name of her series ‘Taboo Yogini’ is in a way representing both good and bad. I think the half-robots that appear on her pieces also represent Nancy Lang herself and the various different sides of her. Nancy Lang’s paintings are very obscure and difficult to understand. When I first looked at this piece, I was totally blown away by the innovative design of the image. However, I could never see the ironical face of the democracies before I read the explanation. These mystical figures, which look almost like monsters, keep appearing on her canvases expanding the viewer’s imagination and interpretation of them. Still, I think they are insufficient to clearly deliver the author’s true intention of creating such images. Nevertheless, it is impossible for one to see through the genuine mind of an author. I really like Nancy Lang and her innovative spirit. She is afraid of nothing, even the awkward stare of others.

Free Essays on Mental Illness

Dysthymic Disorder is described as chronic depression, but is less severe than a major depression. The main symptom for dysthymic disorder is an almost daily depressed mood for at least two years, but without the necessary criteria for a major depression. Low energy, sleep, appetite disturbances, and low self-esteem are signs of having this mood disorder. People who have this will often say they don't recall ever not feeling depressed, but they may be relatively functional in managing their life. The symptoms are severe enough to cause stress and interference with every day situations. It is important to have a complete physical with a health doctor to rule out any physical illnesses that might be causing the depression. If this is so then the correct diagnosis might be a Mood Disorder due to a general Medical Condition, even if all the criteria for dysthymic disorder are met. The question is whether the medical condition is physically causing the depression. Dysthymic disorder is a long term illness but psychotherapy is effective in reducing the symptoms, and assisting the person in managing their life better. Some use antidepressant medication and psychotherapy, and many respond better when using both at the same time. Dysthymic Disorder causes many changes in the way you think, feel, behave, and also you physically. * Changes in Thinking include experiencing difficulty with concentrating and making decisions. Some have problems with short term memory or forgetting things all the time. Negative thoughts and thinking are characteristics of depression. Pessimism, poor self-esteem, excessive guilt, and self-criticism are all common. Some even have self-destructive thoughts during more serious depression. *Changes in Feelings include feeling sad for no reason. Others say that they no longer enjoy activities that they once found fun. You might lack motivation or feel "slowed down" and tired all the time. Sometimes smaller p... Free Essays on Mental Illness Free Essays on Mental Illness Dysthymic Disorder is described as chronic depression, but is less severe than a major depression. The main symptom for dysthymic disorder is an almost daily depressed mood for at least two years, but without the necessary criteria for a major depression. Low energy, sleep, appetite disturbances, and low self-esteem are signs of having this mood disorder. People who have this will often say they don't recall ever not feeling depressed, but they may be relatively functional in managing their life. The symptoms are severe enough to cause stress and interference with every day situations. It is important to have a complete physical with a health doctor to rule out any physical illnesses that might be causing the depression. If this is so then the correct diagnosis might be a Mood Disorder due to a general Medical Condition, even if all the criteria for dysthymic disorder are met. The question is whether the medical condition is physically causing the depression. Dysthymic disorder is a long term illness but psychotherapy is effective in reducing the symptoms, and assisting the person in managing their life better. Some use antidepressant medication and psychotherapy, and many respond better when using both at the same time. Dysthymic Disorder causes many changes in the way you think, feel, behave, and also you physically. * Changes in Thinking include experiencing difficulty with concentrating and making decisions. Some have problems with short term memory or forgetting things all the time. Negative thoughts and thinking are characteristics of depression. Pessimism, poor self-esteem, excessive guilt, and self-criticism are all common. Some even have self-destructive thoughts during more serious depression. *Changes in Feelings include feeling sad for no reason. Others say that they no longer enjoy activities that they once found fun. You might lack motivation or feel "slowed down" and tired all the time. Sometimes smaller p... Free Essays on Mental Illness â€Å"Mental illnesses are socially constructed and are highlighting aspects of those illnesses that help define how both the mentally ill and normal people behave† (Text, pg. 72). There are three different explanations of mental illness: 1) the medical model, 2) the deviance approach, 3) the controversial argument that mental illness is not a disease but a way that the government can control people with the said disease. The medical model is a thought that holds a mental disorder to be viewed as a disease with biological causes (text, pg 72). Research on the medical model arose in reaction to the order that mentally ill people are â€Å"possessed† and should be locked up. The concept of mental disorder as a disease has certain disadvantages, because it concentrates on individuals and their immediate environment, it tends to disregard the wider social environment as a possible source of the problem. Especially for hospitalized patients, the medical model can lead to impractical criteria of recovery; people may have gained considerable insight into their inner tensions but are still unable to function correctly when they return to the outer tensions of home, job, or society (text, pg72). The mental disorders that cause severe social problems are the most extreme forms of mental illness, in which individuals become violent and irrational. Less threatening, but more widespread as a social problem, are severely ill individuals who are unable to care for themselves without specialized attention (text). The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has gone a long way toward standardizing the diagnosis of mental illness. However, many researchers believe that psychiatric diagnoses are arbitrary and amount to labels, describing behavior that is contrary to accepted social and psychological norms (text). Poverty is associated with high exposure to crime and violence, which creates stresse...

Three Day Food Intake Paper Essay Example

Three Day Food Intake Paper Essay Example Three Day Food Intake Paper Essay Three Day Food Intake Paper Essay The proper nutrition plays a major role in having good health. Without the proper nutrients the body cannot function proper and can open the body up to any number of disease like heart disease, some cancers, diabetes, obesity, anemia, and high blood pressure. During this three day intake this writer has learn about her eating habits and ways to improve them. Proteins The Daily Recommended Intake Report states this writer should be getting 102 o 356 grams of protein a day in her diet, but she is only getting 82 grams a day which is below the recommended range. This can be a problem if she does not get the recommended amounts her body needs. According, to the Office of Womens Health (2008). Women need protein to help break down food for energy and breaking down toxins in the body. She can increase the amount of protein she gets by eating more red meats, eggs, nuts, peanut butter, beans, lentils, milk, and soy products. Carbohydrates The Daily Recommended Intake Report states this person should be getting 58 to 661 grams of carbohydrates a day in her diet. She is only getting 308 grams which is well below the The recommended amount for her body. Carbohydrates provides energy the cells in her brain, nervous system, and blood. It also, supplies her muscles while she exercise. Without carbohydrates her body will not have the energy it needs to proform properly. She can increase the carbohydrates she needs by eating more complex carbs like- salads and pastas. Also, staying away from the simple carbs like sugar. Lipids and Fiber The Daily Recommended Intake Report states this person should be getting less than 30 grams of fat in her diet a day. She is now getting 41. 3 grams of fat in a day. The American Heart Association (2013) recommends that a person should not eat more that 25 to 35 % of fat in their diet a day and of this amount no more than 7 percent of it should be saturated fats. This writer can reduce she total daily intake ot tats by consuming more t that are low in saturated tats. Also, she can cook her foods with oils like corn oil, canola oil, and olive oil. We needed some fats in our diet to help provide a source of energy. It is also, used by the body to absorb certain vitamins from food we eat. This writer should be getting 25 grams of fiber a day in her diet (K. Zelman, 2011). Right now she is only getting 12 grams which is only 48. 2 % of the daily recommended amount. By not having the right amount of fiber in her diet can lead to constipation, higher LDL levels, and high blood sugar levels. In turn this can lead to colon cancer and diabetes. She can reduce her hances of these diseases by eating more dark green leafy vegetables, corn, nuts, whole wheat products, beans, and fruits. Dietary Modifications This writer has identify many patterns in her diet that need to be change in order to lose the extra weight that has put her at risk. She needs to eat more regularly and the right types of foods for her nutritional needs. She needs to get moving more and not Just sit around the house doing nothing. She needs to add more fruits, vegetables, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and water to her diet. She needs to stay away from the simple carbs and go for the more complex carbs that will help to give her the fuel that her body needs. According to Mary Fetzer (2012), Fiber helps to keep you feeling full and satisfied and more in control of your appetite and weight. This writer can help herself to achieve her goal of a healthy weight and body by making some modifications to her diet and life style. By eating more of the foods that help her to get all the vitamins, minerals, and water that her body need she can help herself to prevent heart disease, some cancers, diabetes , high lood pressure, kidney disease, high cholesterol (especially the levels of LDL the bad cholesterol). If she follow her plan to change her eating habits she can change her health for the better. References American Heart Association. (May 1, 2013). Know Your Fats. Retrieved from http:// American Heart Association. org Fetzer, M. (April 14, 2012). What is fiber and how does it work? Retrieved from http://She Knows. com Office of Womens health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2008, June 17). Womenshealth. gov. Retrieved from http://Womenshealth. gov

The Life of Aeschylus essays

The Life of Aeschylus essays Aeschylus was born in 525 B.C. in the city of Eleusis. He has been referred to as the Father of Tragedy. Early on in his life he was immersed in the rites of the city and in the worship of the mother and earth goddess Demeter. He was once sent to watch grapes ripen in the countryside. It was here that Aeschylus says Dionysus appeared to him in a dream and ordered him to write tragedies. He fought on behalf of Athens in the Persian wars, including the battle of Marathon and Salamis. His parents belonged to the old Attic nobility so that he was brought up as a broadminded conservative. He spent a large part of his mature life at the court of Hieron, tyrant of Syracuse, returning to Athens to supervise the production of his plays. He began to present plays in 490 B.C. in Sicily. When he started to write Greek plays were nothing more than a single actor portraying many characters usually with masks. It was a huge step for drama when Aeschylus introduced the second actor. This diminished the role of chorus and put more of an emphasis on dialogue. Aeschylus was an innovator in other ways as well. He made good use of stage settings and stage machinery, and some of his works were known for their spectacular scenic effects. He also designed costumes, trained his choruses in their songs and dances, and probably acted in most of his own plays, this being the usual practice of most Greek dramatists. Aeschylus wrote approximately 90 plays, only about 80 of these titles are known. Only seven tragedies have survived in their entirety. It is said that thirteen of his plays achieved first prize at the Greater Dionysia, which was the annual dramatic festival held in Athens. His first success was in 484 B.C. and he almost continuously won until his death. Aeschylus died in 456 B.C. at the age of seventy. Legend says that an while he was sitting outside one day an eagle flying overhead mistook his bald ...

Biological Oxygen Transport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Biological Oxygen Transport - Essay Example The chemical reactions thus require enzymes to speed up their reaction. Most of the enzymes require metallic entities to help them function to their full capacity. Metallic ions like Zinc and Magnesium provide biological enzymes with good acid capability. Thus, the enzymes that are used for acid base reactions use magnesium and zinc at their active centers. In addition, inorganic compounds like sodium and potassium are required by living organism to create a potential difference across cell membrane. Unequal distribution of sodium and potassium ions across cell membrane help initiate an action potential. Hemoglobin is an iron containing oxygen transport metalloprotein that is found in the red blood cells of vertebras (Anthea, Human Biology And Health). Its structure exhibits characteristics of both quaternary and tertiary structures of protein (Kessel, 122 Print). Most amino acids present in the hemoglobin are alpha helices and are joined together by non-helical structures. Hydrogen bonds present in the helical structure stabilize the helical units and give hemoglobin molecule its specific shape (Hemoglobin Tutorial, University of Massachusetts Amherst) The hemoglobin molecule has a protein part globin to which a small iron containing group heme. The heme consists of a charged iron ion that is contained in a heterocyclic ring. This heterocyclic ring is known as porphyrin and it consists of four pyrrole molecules linked together with iron bound in the center (Hemoglobin-School of Chemistry, Bristol University, ). The iron ion is the oxygen-binding site of hemoglobin. The iron ion coo rdinates with four molecules of nitrogen. The iron ion is strongly bound to the protein via imidazole ring of the F8 histidine residue below porphyrin ring. A sixth position bind oxygen reversibly by coordinate bond to complete the octahedral group of six ligands (Wiki Premed,

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) Essay

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) - Essay Example Student achievement in the most fundamental academic skills continued to decline, especially in low-income school districts. Therefore, the ESEA was designed to serve as a funding source for elementary and secondary education in the United States was designed to provide funding for better educational resources, allocate funding for public schools with a need for additional financial support and provide government-sponsored grants that would enhance the quality of state departments of education. Over the decades since the inception of ESEA, it was determined that revision of the ESEA was required to meet the needs of contemporary students in America. This need led to the implementation of the Improving America’s Schools Act of 1994 in the Clinton administration and the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001 which both enhanced the Elementary and Secondary Education Act to make educational reform more relevant for modern academic needs. However, there is still a need for further educational reform that surpasses the relevancy of the NCLB as there are measurable deficiencies related to this Act. This essay explores the issues associated with NCLB which mandate further revisions to this Act in order to fully address the problems in today’s public school districts. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, whilst a valuable piece of legislation to ensure higher quality of education, fails to address certain issues in today’s society. This revision to the ESEA does not properly address the goal of promoting bilingualism. In many of today’s public schools, there is a measurable shortage of educators with the proficiency and training to provide bilingual learning for children in elementary and secondary schools. It is estimated that there are nearly 5.1 million students in need of English-as-a-second-language instruction throughout the United States (Cuellar, De la Colina and Battle, 2007). With growth in migrant children now enrolled in public schools

What are the benefits and drawbacks to using medications in treating Research Proposal

What are the benefits and drawbacks to using medications in treating psychological disorders - Research Proposal Example t of very superior inroads into the ‘psyche’ of human beings with the aid of modern diagnostic techniques & equipment, and the understanding of the physiological functioning of the brain, attempts to influence any aberration in normal behavior by medical and other means have been made, both successfully and otherwise. Psychological disorders can have a biological origin where the imbalance of hormones and other biochemicals in the body can precipitate them. In other cases they could be purely the result of any emotional event or incidence which influences a person to react in an abnormal way. Such disorders are also dependant on and peculiar for different ages, sexes and cultures. Certain psychological disorders are secondary to purely infectious or immunological disorders such as diseases involving the brain [Examples: Brain tumors, Epilepsy, cerebral malaria, neurological disorders like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinsonism and some liver diseases causing hepatic en cephalopathy (pathological changes in brain)]. Such disorders definitely require medical interventions. Other disorders which are purely emotional can be treated by a trained psycho therapist, with or without the aid of drugs. The benefits and drawbacks of treating psychological disorders with drugs has always been the subject of debate where proponents of both methods of therapy (pharmacotherapy & counseling) have supported their views in the long history of psychotherapy. Plain psychotherapy without drugs has been classified by the Mayo Clinic (www.mayoclinic.com) on the basis of either ‘ changing the current behavior patterns’ of a patient or by ‘ understanding past issue’ in the patients’ history. The website lists the different approaches in psychotherapy as â€Å"Art Therapy, Behavior Therapy, Cognitive therapy, Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, Dialectical behavior Therapy, Exposure Therapy, Interpersonal Therapy, Play Therapy, Psychoanalysis, Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and

American Ethnic Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

American Ethnic Literature - Essay Example The relationship between the ethnic and the mainstream is not a static one. Especially in a multiethnic nation like the US, this relationship is continually changing. The relationship between the mainstream and ethnic communities, as well as their literary utterances, always goes through a process of mutual commentary and refashioning. We can apply Trivedi's formulation in defining the phenomenon as a 'transactionas an interactive, dialogic, two-way process rather than a simple active-passive one; as a process involving complex negotiation and exchange'. (Trivedi,1993 p.125) The question of language and literary production is integrally linked to the issue of power and political control and domination. Noted Spanish American author Richard Rodriguez' 'Hunger of Memory' foregrounds this association of language with the centralization of power structure. For Rodriguez, language is a conduit of social power, and the notion of 'public identity' is largely dependant on one's mastery of academic English. Similarly with literature, political domination is closely connected with canon formation. As a result, literature produced by the 'mainstream', following codes of European aesthetics, comes to be accepted as the 'mainstream' literature, or simply 'literature' of America. On the other hand, literary works produced outside the scope of this central literary corpus is designated as 'ethnic literature': the 'margin' to the American 'center'. Long relegated only to the second ranks of literary practice, ethnic literature at present takes a much appreciable position vis--vis what is usually considered to be mainstream literature. An interest towards an understanding of 'ethnic' voices in literature and relocating them within the range of mainstream academic practice has also been observed in the present times. However, this attempt has attracted a certain degree of hostility: a kind of academic hostility that is not an uncommon reaction to the center's attention towards ethnography and ethnic literature. The Chicana/o communities have been prominent in their conflictual engagement with the role and function of 'ethnic' intellectual/ academic identities, as defined by the 'academic' center. Angie Chabran has been particular suspicious of this whole enterprise of 'Chicana/o' studies - stating that it uncritically assists in the anthropoligation of the Chicana/o people. (Chabran 228-47) This attitude is now gaining currency, that ethnic study, in the form of literature or sociology, or within any other academic discipline, is basically a kind of re-instatement of categories rather than an attempt to obliteration. However, on the flip side of hostility, there have also been attempts towards reaching a cultural middle point, towards 'hybridization'. This hybridization has also been brought about by a dynamic relationship between the mainstream and the ethnic literary practices. The aesthetic and the consequent economic dictates of mainstream literary practice has influenced the narrative style and aesthetic stylizations of the ethnic forms. They have retained some of the literary forms that have ethnic roots, but have been adopted to fit the more linear and accepted forms of mainstream li

Market research assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Market research - Assignment Example This study analyzes three different scenarios for the formulation of the best research strategy to be used din the data collection and analysis phases of the study. The target respondents for this scenario are residents of the Lochiel Park as they are the ones affected because they live there and benefit from the sustainable technologies offered at the Park. Sampling will be done through systematic Sampling that relies on arranging the study population according to some ordering scheme and then selecting at regular intervals through that ordered list, starting with the first project then proceeded with the selection of every 4th projects in the project list (Association for Qualitative Research, 2002). Qualitative research approach is the most appropriate research type for this scenario with the use of phenomenological research that aims at identifying the experience of the residents in the area (Hennink, 2011). The main reason or the choice of qualitative research in the study is that the research deals with the opinions, views, and feelings of the residents on living at the park. The choice is also pegged on the fact that the aim of the resea rch is to explore a given phenomena, which is the experience of the residents living at the Lochiel Park and not testing a hypothesis (Gehlbach, 2012). The appropriate data collection method for the use in the study is in-depth interviews and questionnaires for the study the research to get the views of the researchers on the research topic. The sample size has to be a small sample, preferably 40 to allow for the in-depth interviews and questionnaires to be filled by a sample of the residents at Lochiel Park due to high time requirements for the data collection method and to allow the researcher to get all the information for the formation or a required valid conclusion. This will also allow the

American Ethnic Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

American Ethnic Literature - Essay Example The relationship between the ethnic and the mainstream is not a static one. Especially in a multiethnic nation like the US, this relationship is continually changing. The relationship between the mainstream and ethnic communities, as well as their literary utterances, always goes through a process of mutual commentary and refashioning. We can apply Trivedi's formulation in defining the phenomenon as a 'transactionas an interactive, dialogic, two-way process rather than a simple active-passive one; as a process involving complex negotiation and exchange'. (Trivedi,1993 p.125) The question of language and literary production is integrally linked to the issue of power and political control and domination. Noted Spanish American author Richard Rodriguez' 'Hunger of Memory' foregrounds this association of language with the centralization of power structure. For Rodriguez, language is a conduit of social power, and the notion of 'public identity' is largely dependant on one's mastery of academic English. Similarly with literature, political domination is closely connected with canon formation. As a result, literature produced by the 'mainstream', following codes of European aesthetics, comes to be accepted as the 'mainstream' literature, or simply 'literature' of America. On the other hand, literary works produced outside the scope of this central literary corpus is designated as 'ethnic literature': the 'margin' to the American 'center'. Long relegated only to the second ranks of literary practice, ethnic literature at present takes a much appreciable position vis--vis what is usually considered to be mainstream literature. An interest towards an understanding of 'ethnic' voices in literature and relocating them within the range of mainstream academic practice has also been observed in the present times. However, this attempt has attracted a certain degree of hostility: a kind of academic hostility that is not an uncommon reaction to the center's attention towards ethnography and ethnic literature. The Chicana/o communities have been prominent in their conflictual engagement with the role and function of 'ethnic' intellectual/ academic identities, as defined by the 'academic' center. Angie Chabran has been particular suspicious of this whole enterprise of 'Chicana/o' studies - stating that it uncritically assists in the anthropoligation of the Chicana/o people. (Chabran 228-47) This attitude is now gaining currency, that ethnic study, in the form of literature or sociology, or within any other academic discipline, is basically a kind of re-instatement of categories rather than an attempt to obliteration. However, on the flip side of hostility, there have also been attempts towards reaching a cultural middle point, towards 'hybridization'. This hybridization has also been brought about by a dynamic relationship between the mainstream and the ethnic literary practices. The aesthetic and the consequent economic dictates of mainstream literary practice has influenced the narrative style and aesthetic stylizations of the ethnic forms. They have retained some of the literary forms that have ethnic roots, but have been adopted to fit the more linear and accepted forms of mainstream li

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 19

Human Resource Management - Essay Example ue added activities that the HRM performs such as training; Learning and development; planning, performance appraisal; compensation and rewards & recognition. (Abu & Kamrul, 2000) For many organizations, the selection process consists of short listing the candidates and selecting the best. Different positions in the organization would require different kinds of selection criteria or technique. It is the duty of the HR to decide which technique needs to be used to recruit the best person and the selection technique will depend on number of criteria’s such as skills, characteristics, domain familiarity required for the position to be filled. (Choosing selection techniques, n.d) Selection of a candidate should not be just based on the selection method but should also involve 2 or more techniques to assess the skill set, communication, analytical knowledge and domain knowledge. Interviews can be done in different ways and this depends on the how the interviewer would want to acquire information. There are different selection techniques and the organization can use more than one selection technique to recruit the employees. This is the most relaxed form of recruiting an employee, by having a friendly chat. This method can be exercised to observe candidates’ manners and activities in a less formal environment. This method is usually used as one part of the selection process and this helps the interviewer in assessing the ability and the suitability of the job and also to evaluate if the candidate would be adding value to the organization. (Types of Interview, n.d) Some companies take a structured approach to interviews. The same sets of questions are asked to the candidates to assess how good they are against the other candidates .This method is very useful in case the interviewer wants to assess the presentation and communication skills of the candidate. This method involves assessing skills, attributes, behavioral patterns by giving the candidates some

Hris Replacement Essay Example for Free

Hris Replacement Essay Cost Plan Part of project management is the estimation of the project cost. The budget can be derived from the project plan by looking at the following criteria (Marchewka, 2009): * estimated duration of activities, * resources identified and assigned to tasks, and * wages and overtime rate for resources. In addition to hard numbers resource leveling is important. Resource leveling helps with accurately planning a project and will help identify if people are scheduled to have more work than hours in a day. Having too much work assigned to one person is a risk to the project. Figure 2 Riordan Budget Report illustrates the Riordan HRIS replacement project budget based on the resources allocated to tasks in the project plan. The budget report will be monitored weekly at the beginning of the project and daily as the project progresses. Additional cost factors such as material, facility cost, insurance, and other administrative costs will be added to the project budget cost to establish the overall project budget. Figure 2 Riordan Budget Report Performance Measurement It is important to not only to establish critical tasks and sub-tasks, but also to identify a means to measure current progress against estimated progress. Without a clear understanding of where the project is in regards to the timeline management is unable to identify potential trouble spots and delays that can drive up costs and derail the project. What Is Performance Measurement The U. S. General Accounting Office (GAO) provides the following definition of Performance Measurement: â€Å"Performance measurement is the ongoing monitoring and reporting of program accomplishments, particularly progress towards pre-established goals. It is typically conducted by program or agency management. Performance measures may address the type or level of program activities conducted (process), the direct products and services delivered by a program (outputs), and/or the results of those products and services (outcomes). A program† may be any activity, project, function, or policy that has an identifiable purpose or set of objectives. †(Performance-Based Management Special Interest Group [(PBM SIG)], 2001, p. 3). When undergoing a project or process there must be a method in place to judge or measure the progress and outcome, which will allow management to make intelligent decisions. Performance Measurement delivers that data management requires by applying a method of evaluating progress toward accomplishing predetermined goals, including information on the efficiency with which resources are transformed into goods and services (PM Solutions Center for Business Practices, 2005). Performance Measurement vs. Value Measurement In measuring performance, program management is trying to gather information to help them make decisions to affect change that, with any luck, will improve that performance. For example, project performance measures are initiated to provide crucial information to managers in order to provide purpose and direction over the project. Those measures must be pertinent and applicable to the organizational level that can immediately effect change based on information it learns in order to control the performance of the project. In measuring value, you are trying to demonstrate that decisions you made to implement change, through project management improvement initiatives, has indeed added value to the organization. This is actually measuring value rather than performance, which may not be the same. While improved performance can be translated into value, value measurement, provide information on the performance of the organization rather than performance of the project. Riordan Project Performance Measures Measurement Construct The Measurement Construct utilized in the Riordan Project is based on the adherence to estimate. Accurate project estimation is crucial in keeping project costs down and stakeholders happy. The Key Performance Indicator project managers want to minimize is expressed by the formula [(E-A)/E], where E = estimated Value to complete project and A = actual Value used to complete project. Project managers can substitute any value into the equation, such as hours or cost, to determine adherence to estimate. This will allow the project management team to spot trends early on during the project and then make the necessary adjustments. To better illustrate this concept figure 2 depicts the subtasks identified as Milestones. The project management has estimated the time required to complete the 1st phase of the project (Project Preparation) would require 10 days. Completion of the phase is signaled by the development of the Statement Of Works. The project management team could measure the performance of the project resources or team members by comparing the actual time required to complete the Milestone against the estimated time to complete the Milestone. Figure 3 Milestones Figure 2 depicts that the estimated time to complete phase 1 was 10 days. If the actual time required to complete phase 1 was recorded at 12. 5 days the performance measure would be as follows: [(10-12. 5)/12. 5]= -20% This value describes a value of -20% of efficiency of the performance of this task. Ideally the task performance would be 0%; the milestone would have been completed within the time estimated during the project inception. While many may feel it is better to come in under the original estimate, the goal is to optimize resources and organizational assets throughout the project. Over committing assets and resources on one project may have undesirable effects in other areas of the organization. The key is to have exactly the required assets and resources available when required and only when required. Project Baseline The project baseline is set when all of the details for the planned project are set. The project baseline in MS Project ® is set by selecting View Gantt Chart Tools Tracking Set Baseline Entire Project (eHow, 2011). The Riordan HRIS replacement project baseline is illustrated in Figure 3 Riordan HRIS Project Baseline Illustration. Figure 4 Riordan HRIS Project Baseline Illustration Evaluation Figure 5 Riordan HRIS Replacement Tracking Sheet Risk Analysis Reporting Project Evaluation and Reporting takes a key role in the process and collection of project information for all members involved in the project to track changes, maintain budgetary requirements, and complete objectives on-time. â€Å"Monitoring the progress of the project allows you to adapt the program as needed to ensure that you attain your objectives.

The Differences Between Programme And Portfolio Management Management Essay

The Differences Between Programme And Portfolio Management Management Essay Portfolio and programme management has question of governance from two perspectives. The first perspective is the interconnectedness of the different project objectives in order to increase of combined project outcomes. This requires to the development of programmes, which defined by Project Management Institute (PMI) as a group of related projects, managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits and control not available from managing them individually (PMI, 2004) cited in (Blomquist Moller, 2006). The other perspective is concerned with the interrelationships among the management requirements for these multi projects in order to achieve the organizations overall business benefits. This led the need to develop portfolio management techniques which also defined by (PMI) as the centralized management of one or more portfolios, which includes identifying, prioritizing, authorizing, managing and controlling projects, programmes and other related work to achieve specific strategic busin ess objectives. (PMI, 2004) cited in (Blomquist Moller, 2006) From this concept it can be understood as a collection of projects or programmes and other work that are grouped together to facilitate effective management of that work in order to meet strategic business benefits. The projects or programmes of the portfolio may not necessary be interdependent or directly related. It is important to establish what is meant by programme management as opposed to portfolio management. The practitioners of the project management had tried to find good alignment between project management and organization strategy. Researches (Yuming, Quan Peng, 2007) in the literature has examined the idea for these strategies that should be aligned and moved from the corporate level through portfolio, programme and multi projects in a systematic manner that provides cohesion, visibility and effective communication as shown in figure 1. Figure 1: Diamond-E Model based alignment between strategy and portfolio project management adopted from (Yuming, Quan Peng, 2007) Programme Management:- In the past, the term programme has many synonyms that have been used, including multi project, portfolio of projects, macro project, and complex change (Ferns, 1991). A 3 phase for implementing programme management is suggested by (Ferns, 1991) as follows; preparatory phase, programme establishment, programme management. Basically, the concept of project management has evolved to what so called programme management and finally portfolio management. Most literatures illustrates programme management to be connected with albeit different from portfolio management (Lycett, Rassau and Danson, 2004; Turner and Muller, 2003) cited in (Blomquist Moller, 2006). However, Programme management is often perceived as the top layer of a hierarchy consisting of multi projects. The main goals of programme management is to focus on improving efficiency and effectiveness by choosing better prioritization, planning and coordination in the management of projects. Also by developing of business focus by identifies the goals of multi projects and the entire programme related to the requirements, goals, drivers and organizations work culture. Some researches on programme management have classified into three categories; programme management as an entity for organizational structure, programme management process and life cycles, and competencies for programme management. Sometimes, projects are too large to manage as a single entity. It is more convenient and effective to have work breakdown structure in a series of closely related and linked projects, each of them managed by a project manager, reporting to a programme manager (Buttrick, 2000a). PROGRAM.jpg Figure 2: A programme where each individual constituent project is used to manage a substantial work adopted from (Buttrick, 2000a) Generally, Programme management is a technique that provides the organization to coordinate multiple related projects concurrently, and cannot be controlled individually by bringing together people, activities and information in order to achieve the end goal and obtain significant benefits from them as a collection (Norton, 2008) and (Deancon, 2010). Programme may involve elements of related work outside the scope of the discrete projects in programme such as ongoing operations. A programme can only succeed if the multi-projects within the programme are completed, therefore without programme management; the projects will be uncoordinated and will not integrate into a final goal. Other authors (Haughey, 2001) has defined programme management as a group of related projects carried out in order to achieve a defined business objective and benefit. It provides specific way to control project management and covers vision, mission, aims and objectives, scope, approach, design, responsibilit ies, resourcing and benefits realization. By using well defined framework. The programme management has four basic stages; programme identification, planning, delivery and closure. These stages take the programme from beginning which must be based on strategies, right through to the final realization of a defined business objectives or benefits. 2.1 Structure of Programme Management:- The structure of Prgramme management allows controlling multi projects so they deliver effectively for the group as well as to hand the changes proactively and also it provides a framework for handling complexity and risk. Moreover, there is often a program support group to undertake the necessary coordination, administration and implement common standards (Buttrick, 2000a). It concentrates on delivering new capabilities and services, Business plan, Strategic objectives, Change and some other initiatives. For example the long term objectives can be definite by programme management, and this will help the organization to identify the multi projects that will lead in achieving these objectives and needs to think carefully about the benefits of these projects are designed to bring about. These potential benefits are considered as; meeting business needs, saving, and reducing risk. The main activities for programme management are: setting the baseline, agreeing roles and responsibilities , Programme planning, project priority, stakeholder communication, progress reporting, quality management, risk management, issue management, managing benefits and programme closure (Haughey, 2001). Some authors says that(Haughey, 2001), all programmes should have a well defined baseline from which to measure costs and benefits resulting from investment into the programme. Hence, Programme management is becoming an increasing important issue for managing changes within business which can be internal, such as increasing the level of products, or external, such as implementing a new government policy (Norton, 2008). Project team.jpg Figure 3 A typical programme management structure adopted from (Buttrick, 2000a) Project portfolio:- With a strongly increase share of companies investing in project- organized undertakings, the generally expected advantage in controllability for multi project comes along with a loss of transparency and hence effectiveness of the overall project landscape (Elonen and Artto, 2003) cited in (Jonas, 2010). So the need for a structure and proactive management of the project landscape gets increasingly important. Effective project portfolio management is becoming a key competence for organizations handling numerous projects simultaneously. A project portfolio is seen as number of projects that compete for scarce resources and are conducted under the sponsorship or management of a specific organization (Buttrick, 2000b). Refer to (Jonas, 2010) study, the measure for portfolio success should be taken at different points in time. The overall system success is consisting of three dimensions; process effectiveness, portfolio success and portfolio related corporate success. The tasks for portf olio management is consist of those related to multi project is; portfolio structuring, resource management, portfolio steering, and organizational learning and portfolio exploitation It can be argue that the portfolio management system success will be positively influenced by the extant to which these multi project portfolio tasks are executed in the company. As mentioned realer, Portfolio management is all the projects which are related or unrelated, undertaken by an organization. These can be divided into functional area such as IT, supply chain, HR, new development. With this level, it gives a complete view across the organization to understand all the multiple projects are taking place, related or unrelated. The best way for presenting this data is by business function, thereby giving a view of the projects in a specific area. Portfolio management is useful for decision makers because it provides them a total view of all initiatives taking place across the organization. This will ensure that the organization focused on what is important, helps avoiding duplication and informs strategic decision making. The activities which will be undertaken during portfolio management are: Checking strategic alignment, risk management, progress reporting. When the organization handling group of projects which are carried out by sponsorship and managed by this organization. These projects must complete for scare resources such as people, finances, time, and so on which can be available from the sponsors, since there are normally not enough resources to hand out for proposed multi projects which meets the organizations minimum requirements on certain criteria. Therefore project portfolio is the selection for periodic activity involved in selection a portfolio, from available project proposals and the multi project currently underway which must meet the organizations stated objectives in a desirable manner without exceeding available resources or effecting other constraints (Archer Ghasemzadeh, 1999) . So the portfolio management has to be pivotal in planning and controlling complex project more effectively and more efficiently and this can be achieved by implementing project portfolio management practices as a management innovation. Programme and Portfolio Management:- With the understanding the difference between programme and portfolio management, it is possible to understand what the organization needs to achieve and how programme and portfolio management fits into an organization processes and procedures. The hierarchy in this understand is shown in figure 1. Figure 1 Programme management Hierarchy adopted from (Haughey, 2001) By considering that, some multi projects are too large to manage as a single entity, so it is necessary to split them up into smaller manageable projects. And also if the whole project is too large for single project manager to handle, then, the numbers of projects managers are needed to handle the small projects. Hence smaller project with multiple project managers all designed to achieve a single long term objective for the organization. For control these groups and have an overall view a programme manager is required. 5 Conclusions:- The synopsis differences between a programme and portfolio in multi projects are; Programme is a group of projects related to the organization that are managed in a coordinated way to gain business goals that would not be possible were these projects managed independently (Ferns, 1991). Programme management concentrates on delivering; new capabilities, Business plan, Strategic objectives, Change and other initiatives. Portfolio management is all projects, related or unrelated, being carried out by this organization. Portfolio management aims to optimize the results of project portfolio to gain organization benefits and wants. Portfolio project a collection of projects, programmes and other work that are compiled together to facilitate the effective management of the same work to meet strategic business benefits. Each one has a special role to play and needs to be managed differently (Deancon, 2010). programme and portfolio management has been designed to fulfill nearly all organizations individual and multi projects to succeed in todays competitive climate.

A Woman’s Place Is Not in the House Essay -- Argument, Argumentative,

First of all, some men should stop thinking that a woman’s place is in the house. Because, it is not! If men would try to adapt some of the attitudes, and behavior of women, we may see a reduction in the divorce rate or a more stable relationship amongst couples. Some women tent to talk about things that are bothering them, while the men keeps everything inside, hence he becomes isolated in the relationship. Some men were taught at an early age to believe that a woman’s place is in the house. However, things have changed over the years, and more women are now working. And the men are expecting the woman to continue doing everything around the house without offering their help. This will create a stressful atmosphere because the woman is now overwhelmed. She is overworked because her partner sits in the â€Å"big chair† and waits for her to pick up the children, fix the dinner, give them a bath, and then take care of him. The woman puts his dinner on the table, and serves him this favorite beer. Then, after that she checks homework before the children retire for bed. Most wom...

Comparing The Chrysalids and The Day of the Triffids :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Chrysalids and The Day of the Triffids    _____John Wyndham's science fiction novels, The Chrysalids and The Day of the Triffids, do not focus on incredible and unbelievable developments in technology, as do novels of many of the stereotypical science fiction writers, yet instead focus on how the people; particularly the protagonist, deal with the many uncomfortable situations they are faced in the frightening world of the future.    _____The Day of the Triffids is perhaps Wyndham's best known novel, and tells of explosions in space blinding a large proportion of the population, at the same time as an agricultural experiment goes horribly wrong, and millions of triffids, carnivorous plants, populate every corner of the globe, threatening mankind's very existence. In The Day of the Triffids, Wyndham speculates on many things. He contemplates how the people would deal with wide-spread blindness, and how they would accept the danger of carnivorous plants on the loose - not a contemporary invention, simply basic biology working against us. In his writings he considers how the remaining people of the world would deal with such a situation, that changing situations do require new ways, and what new ways would gain acceptance.    _____Speculation about how people would react widespread blindness is an integral part of The Day of the Triffids. Wyndham considered what the consequences would be; that most of the population would die of starvation because of their inability to carry out normal daily tasks such as buying the groceries and preparing meals without the assistance of a person with twenty-twenty vision, not to mention the overhanging danger of the triffids.    'My dear,' I said. 'I don't like this anymore than you do. I've put the alternative badly before you. Do we help those who have survived the catastrophe to rebuild some kind of life?' (p 103)    Wyndham uses quotes such as that above to allow the reader to consider what the consequences would be, and also to work on the conscience of the receiving character. Wyndham considers how the people of the world would cope in such a disastrous situation with an overwhelming majority of the population being blind, where the small proportion still sighted are relied on by numbers of one thousand to one for the survival of the human race. He focuses on the devotion and responsibility it would take, to in effect, save civilization as we now know it.

A Well Balanced Diet Health And Social Care Essay

Chapter 1IntroductionA well balanced diet is a cardinal component for healthier life. A sound wellness may merely be guaranteed when the diet consumed by human being would cover all the obligatory foods but in balanced measure ( Geil and Anderson, 1994 ; Bazzano et al. , 2001 ; Wahlqvist, 2001 ; Anderson and Major, 2002 ; Venn and Mann, 2004 ) . The human diet comprising of all indispensable foods like H2O, saccharides, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals, is considered as balanced ( Potter and Hotchkiss, 1997 ) . Along with the other indispensable foods, protein is the critical particularly in instance of kids, for their proper growing and development. Proteins are indispensable for the endurance of life as it is imperative for the growing and fix of musculuss, castanetss, tegument, sinews, ligaments, hair, eyes and other tissues ( Lieberman et al. , 2009 ) . The benefits of protein enriched diet can ne'er be concealed. Taking such diet is of import to battle against infections and diseases as it facilitates to bring forth antibodies to trip our immune system ( Alexander et al. , 1998 ) . It is suggested to devour high protein diet for early recovery from hurts. Protein is besides helpful in blood curdling and fixs ( Friedman, 1996 ; Alexander et al. , 1998 ) . The mean day-to-day protein intake for a normal human person should be 56-80 g/ twenty-four hours ( 0.8 g/kg organic structure weight/day ) , while for babies it should be 2-3 g/kg organic structure weight and kids require excess 4-5 g proteins daily for their healthy growing and development ( Sun et al. , 1999 ; Awan, 2007 ) . Malnutrition due to protein lack is an approaching flagitious quandary for the multitudes whose basic diet is chiefly comprised of cereals and other starchy nutrients. Several studies on nutritionary appraisal every bit good as nutrient balanced sheets in Pakistan have pointed toward the happening of changing grade of protein lack in some open groups of the population, due to the consumption of low quality and measure of protein ( GOP, 2008 ) . The people devouring protein lacking diets can be suffered from many upsets like chest malignant neoplastic disease, colon malignant neoplastic disease, bosom disease and osteoporosis. Kwashiorkor and Marasmus are reported as the major diseases due to the protein lack and malnutrition in 3rd universe states. Marasmus causes loss of fats, muscular strength and every bit good as of digestion capacity ( Alam et al. , 2003 ) . On the other manus, Kwashiorkor normally manifests with hydrops, alterations in hair and clamber coloring material, anaemia, megalohepatia, lassitude, terrible immune lack and early decease ( Bhan et al. , 2003 ) . These diseases are largely found in babies holding diet deficient in protein or due to the consumption of lower quality of protein ( Barker, 2002 ) . Protein-energy malnutrition besides favors the pathogenesis during famishment ( Reilly, 2002 ) . Therefore detecting the benefits of protein in the diet, the ingestion of protein enriched nutrient is of current involvement of consumers to achieve quality nutrient. Good quality proteins have a important impact to run into nutritionary demands of the fast turning population in the development and under developed states including Pakistan. The scientists have made assorted efforts to better protein contents and quality of basic nutrient ( wheat for Pakistani public ) through different agencies. The increased costs and limited supplies of carnal proteins, have geared the contemporary research attempts towards the survey of nutrient belongingss and possible use of protein from locally available nutrient harvests, particularly from under-utilized or comparatively ignored high protein oil-rich seeds and leguminous plants ( Enujiugha and Ayodele-Oni, 2003 ) . Pakistani population utilizes wheat flour and its merchandises as their basic nutrient with an mean consumption of 318 g/person/day which contributes about 45 per centum of the entire energy consumption ( Akhatar et al. , 2009 ) . But wheat is unable to provide the balanced proteins as it is lacking with indispensable amino acids like lysine ( Rehman et al. , 2001 ) . On other manus leguminous plant grains and beans are rich in lysine and therefore the incorporation of these possible beginnings of balanced proteins into the wheat flour for the production of high protein merchandises like bars, biscuits and even chapatis can non merely promote the protein quality but besides heighten the mineral contents and their handiness ( Bressani, 1993 ) . Grain leguminous plants are renowned as of import beginnings of nutrient and provender proteins, besides called as ‘the hapless adult male ‘s meat ‘ . In many states, leguminous plant seeds are considered as the separating beginning of protein in the diet ( Marcello and Cristina, 1997 ) . Besides the leguminous plant proteins contain important sum of lysine which an indispensable amino acid, but on contrary, most of the cereals are missing with lysine ( Alobo, 2001 ) . In add-on to nutritionally of import, the leguminous plants are besides being recognized as holding curative and remedial belongingss such as hypoglycaemic and hypocholesterolemic properties ( Shahzadi et al. , 2007 ) . Nutritionists around the universe suggest that the pulsations ( grain legumes ) like garbanzo and beans should be incorporated in the day-to-day diet to take down down the glycaemic index and to accomplish a scope of other wellness benefits ( Muzquiz and Wood, 2007 ) . Gram, besides named as Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L. ) , is one of the oldest and the widely consumed leguminous plants in the universe, peculiarly in tropical and semitropical countries ( Singh et al. , 1991 ) . The flour of decorticated gm seeds is used in several dishes and as a addendum in ablactating nutrient mixes, staff of life and biscuits ( Bau et al. , 1997 ) . Gram is rich in protein and low in fat which is largely of polyunsaturated nature ( Singh et al. , 1992 ) . Grams besides contain important sums of dietetic fibre and hence they prove as a healthy beginning of saccharides for individuals with insulin sensitiveness or diabetes. Chickpeas contain about 23 per centum protein, 64 per centum entire saccharides ( 47 per centum amylum, 6 per centum soluble sugar ) , 5 per centum fat, 6 per centum petroleum fibre, 3 per centum ash and high mineral content ( Champ, 2001 ; Boye et al. , 2009 ) . The incorporation of protein-rich leguminous plant flours such as gram flour in bakeshop merchandises like staff of life and biscuits can achieve the end of protein enrichment ( Patel and Rao, 1996 ; Singh et al. , 1996 ; Gandhi et al. , 2001 ; Sharma and Chauhan, 2002 ) . These composite flours have proven many practical utilizations and are being employed in different parts of the Earth to heighten the nutritionary and functional belongingss of flour ( Shahzadi et al. , 2005 ) . In modern states the composite flour engineering is extensively used to manufacture different types of adust and extruded merchandises. Among processed bakeshop merchandises, biscuits grasp big popularity in rural every bit good as in urban countries among all the age groups ( Agrawal, 1990 ) . The term biscuit was derived from the Latin word biscoctus, intending twice cooked ( Macrae et al. , 1993 ) . By and large the word biscuit is used in European states and the term cookies in the USA. Biscuits are popular grocery, consumed by a broad scope of populations, due to their pleasant gustatory sensation, prolonged shelf life and easy handiness at reasonably low cost ( Gandhi et al. , 2001 ) . Cookies are of import nutrient militias for people engaged in geographic expeditions and risky ocean trips, in war and other catastrophes ( Mlaik and Sheikh, 1976 ) . Because of the competition in the market and increased demand for healthy, recognized and well-designed merchandises, efforts are being made to progress the alimentary value and functionality of biscuits by seting their alimentary composing. Such properties can be achieved by increasing the ratios of wholegrain natural stuffs or different types of dietetic fibres, other than wheat, leguminous plants and pulsations, in the basic formulas of biscuits with the effort to raise protein quality and content, mineral content and their handiness ( Hooda and Jood, 2005 ; Tyagi et Al 2006 ) . Supplemented biscuits made from different low priced beginnings such as leguminous plants or pulsations flour along with wheat flour, are expected to battle with several lacks such as the hapless quality and lesser handiness of protein encountered in the natural wheat flour biscuits ( Akubor, 2003 ) . The high alimentary cookies can be prepared from composite flours such as wheat flour fortified with soy, cottonseed, pulsations, peanut, mustard or maize sources flour ( Tsen, 2006 ) . Protein giving ingredient for biscuits should hold pleasant spirit, low H2O soaking up capacity and high protein efficiency ratio ( PER ) . It should neither negatively affect the spread ratio and texture ( i.e. , brittleness ) nor cause any significant alteration in the dough consistence, snap and desirable baking reactions ( Lorenz, 1983 ) . The challenge of choosing the best suitable protein beginning has geared bakery industry to research such ingredients which impart desirable nutritionary and functional features to the baked merchandises ( Tyagi et al. , 2006 ) . Keeping in position the importance of protein enriched diet, present undertaking was designed to accomplish the undermentioned aims: To fix protein enriched cookies by utilizing gram flour To measure nutritionary and chemical belongingss of protein enriched cookiesChapter 2REVIEW OF LITERATUREEvery new research and scientific survey demands to take a expression into the old work done in the relevant field. So, the earlier surveies upon protein enriched bakeshop merchandises showed that the incorporation of flour obtained from grain leguminous plants and pulsations into the bakeshop points particularly in cookies, non merely better the protein contents but besides the overall acceptableness of the merchandise. The available literature related to current survey has been presented under the undermentioned header: Cookies and Biscuits at a Glance Enrichment of Protein in Cookies Significance of Gram and its flour Cookies Prepared by utilizing Gram flour Biological Evaluation of Cookies AssortedCookies and Biscuits at a GlanceBiscuits and cookies represent the taking class of snack points among adust nutrients all over the universe ( Pratima and Yadava, 2000 ) . They are normally thought as a beginning of pleasance and joy but non a important nutrient merchandise in footings of nutrition. The name cooky is originated from the Dutch word koekje, intending â€Å" little or small bar † while, the term Biscuit comes from the Latin word Bi coctum, significance, â€Å" twice baked † ( Macrae et al. , 1993 ) . Harmonizing to culinary historiographers, biscuits or cookies started out long ago, non as a dainty or a comfort nutrient, but as an oven temperature regulator. A little sum of bar hitter was baked to modulate the oven temperature termed as trial bar, subsequently on formed the base of modern cookies ( Davidson, 1999 ) . Commercially available simple cookies are made from white patent flour or heterosexual graded flour which is nutritionally inferior to whole wheat flour ( Elahi, 1997 ) . Simple wheat flour based biscuits contains 7 to 12 per centum proteins, 60 to 65 per centum saccharides, 22 to 26 per centum fat, 1 to 3 per centum petroleum fibre and 1.5 to 2.5 per centum minerals ( Hooda and Jood, 2005 ) . While in some other experiment seven different assortments of biscuits were analyzed for proximate analysis. It was shown that entire sugar varied from 17.26 to 40.42 per centum, protein contents were in the scope of 5.46 to 8.9 per centum, entire fats in biscuits were 24.6 to 28.9 per centum and minerals including Na, K, Fe and Ca ranged between 800-4950 mg/kg, 450-1720 mg/kg, 38-230 mg/kg and 120-1800 mg/kg, severally. However, Cu, manganese and Zn were calculated as 1-7 mg/kg, 3.5-10.4 mg/kg and 8.2-25.5 mg/kg severally ( Semwal et al. , 1996 ) . Fe and Mn contents in cookies were evaluated by Sebecic ( 2002 ) . Consequences of that survey showed that Fe contents in seven analyzed biscuits ranged from 9.32 to 24.80 mg/kg while Mn contents range from 3.76 to 16.37 mg/kg. On the other manus the vitamin contents in cooky flours were reported as 0.203 to 0.228 mg/100g for vitamin B1, 1.037 to 0.048 mg/100g for vitamin B2 and 1.17 to 1.42 mg/100g for nicotinic acid ( Keagy et al. , 1980 ) . In another experiment, it was concluded that the Zn and cuppa contents in wheat flour biscuits scopes from 5.89-17.64 mg/kg and 1.15-2.79 mg/kg, severally depending upon the type of wheat milling merchandises ( Sebecic and Dragojevic, 2004 ) . While textural surveies of different cookies showed that the cooky diameter is a map of spread rate and set clip. Cookies produced with soft wheat flour were significantly larger in diameter ( 184 millimeter ) than those made with difficult flour ( 161 millimeter ) . Similarly, cookies manufactured by soft wheat flour set subsequently ( 5.8 proceedingss ) during baking than those produced with difficult wheat flours. It was concluded that these differences in diameters and puting clip appeared to be affected by flour protein content ( Miller and Hoseney, 1997 ) .Enrichment of Protein in CookiesCookies or biscuits are the important among the bakeshop points. These are liked by all the age groups as a beginning of pleasance and energy. However, these are most normally appreciated by the school traveling kids who need more energy and proteins per unit organic structure weight than an grownup ( Shahzad et al. , 2006 ) . Keeping in position their drawn-out life and handiness they can be e nriched with protein, normally from pulsations flour and used for particular eating programmes ( Manley, 1998 ) . The construct of utilizing composite flour for the intent of protein enrichment is non new and has been the topic of legion surveies. An extended reappraisal reported that the bakeshop points can be manufactured with every bit much as 10 to 30 per centum rice flour, 5 to 20 per centum cereal grains and root flours, or with 3 to 15 per centum of other proteinaceous flours ( Fellers and Bean, 1988 ) . It was besides observed that the usage of composite flours is a much better tool to utilize in biscuits than in staff of lifes due to their ready to eat signifier, broad ingestion, longer shelf life and good feeding quality ( Tsen et al. , 2006 ) . Several efforts have been carried out to fix protein enriched cookies by utilizing different beginnings of protein. In an experiment, defatted wheat source ( DFWG ) flour was used for the readying of protein enriched cookies and it was estimated that the petroleum protein ( 28.9 per centum ) , rough fiber ( 5.35 per centum ) , ash ( 4.52 per centum ) and mineral content were higher in the cookies prepared from DFWG flour as compared to wheat flour cookies ( Arshad et al. , 2006 ) . Similarly the permutation of pigeon-pea flour up to the degree of 50 per centum in the preparation of biscuits significantly increased the protein and mineral contents ( Harinder et al. , 1999 ) . Due to the incorporation of mustard flour, the protein contents of biscuits were 2.5 times increased coupled with lessening in fat and an addition in fiber content ( Tyagi et al. , 2006 ) . Nutritional features of high protein cookies prepared from defatted soy flour ( 50 % , patent flour footing ) and insignificant butter ( 40 % , patent flour footing ) were examined by different research workers. It was highlighted that the protein and mineral contents were significantly improved in high protein cookies than those of control ( Ranhotra et al. , 1980 ) . Another effort was proved to be successful for the fabrication of protein enriched biscuits made from land linseed. It was observed that the protein contents increased from 6.50 per centum to 8.52 per centum, fat contents increased from 26.13 per centum to 31.45 per centum, fiber contents elevated from 0.15 per centum to 3.78 per centum and ash contents were besides increased from 0.26 per centum to 1.00 per centum ( Nisa, 2000 ) . Similarly, the public presentation of soya bean and maize flour blends with their functional properties, were evaluated for the production of high protein cookies. In that survey it was concluded that the degree of foods increased with the addition of soybean flour in the blends. The protein contents of the composite flour cookies increased from 10.2 per centum in the 100 per centum corn cookies to 28.3 per centum for the 60 per centum soya bean permutation ( Akubor and Onimawo, 2003 ) . Similarly the supplementation of soy and kinema flours into heterosexual graded flour was carried out for the production of cookies. It was described that the protein contents were more than 17 per centum than those of control ( Shrestha and Noomhorm, 2002 ) . Assorted research workers replaced wheat flour ( WHF ) with defatted fluted Cucurbita pepo ( Telfairia occidentalis Hook ) seed flour ( FPF ) at degrees of 0 to 25 per centum which significantly affected the chemical, physical, centripetal and nutritionary belongingss of cookies. There was an addition of 84.6 per centum in petroleum protein, 62.9 per centum in Ca, 131.0 per centum in K and 61.6 per centum in phosphorus contents of composite cookies ( Giami et al. , 2005 ) . When the cookies made from the blends incorporating different proportions ( 0 % , 5 % , 10 % , 15 % and 20 % ) of natural, besotted and germinated Greek clover seed flour were evaluated it was found that the add-on of natural, besotted and germinated Greek clover flour to wheat flour increased the contents of protein ( 10.5 % , 10.4 % and 11.0 % ) , lysine ( 2.15, 2.20 and 2.25 g/100 g protein ) , dietetic fiber ( 12.7 % , 11.3 % and 10.9 % ) , entire Ca ( 58.3, 57.1 and 57.7 mg/100 g ) and entire Fe ( 7.40, 7.26 and 7.36 mg/100 g ) at 10 percent degree of permutation ( Hooda and Jood, 2005 ) . Enrichment of protein in cookies can besides be done by utilizing stabilised rice bran up to 30 per centum degree of replacing. This pattern can besides heighten protein efficiency ratio. A consumer trial showed 100 per centum acceptableness of rice bran protein enriched cookies among the kids holding ages 4 to 7 old ages ( Sangronis and Sancio, 1990 ) . Similarly the high protein biscuits were prepared from rice bran and flours. Probe of that protein enriched cookies revealed that the protein contents were increased from 6 per centum to 9 per centum as compared to 100 per centum wheat flour cookies ( James et al. , 2007 ) .Significance of Gram and its flourGram ( Cicer arietinum L. ) is one of the most of import leguminous plants, cultivated in Pakistan. It ranks foremost on the footing of whole grain production ( FAO, 2000 ) . Gram or garbanzo, as a whole grain, and its flour are considered as the basic nutrient over the big portion of the universe but still its possible wellness b enefits are hidden and it is non every bit much utilized as it could be ( Amjad et al. , 2006 ; Catherine et al. , 2010 ) . Gram has been used for fixing a assortment of traditional and cultural nutrient points ( Geervani, 1991 ) , and besides as a important ingredient in bakeshop merchandises, imitation milk, infant nutrients preparations and meat merchandises ( Hung and Nithian-andan, 1993 ) . In the signifier of ‘dhal ‘ , gm is identified as a critical beginning of protein in Pakistan, India and Middle East. Gram flour is assorted with wheat flour to bake ‘basini roti ‘ that is unraised staff of life normally consumed by diabetic patients particularly in the rural countries of Sub continent Indo-Pak. An epidemiological study revealed that people of low socio-economic position using gm as a major ingredient of their diet, had comparatively low incidence of cardio-vascular diseases ( Raza, 2003 ) . Undoubtedly many surveies give us an thought about the nutritionary value of gm as it contains 17.1 per centum to 23.4 per centum protein, 4.2 per centum to 5.3 per centum fat, 2.0 per centum to 3.0 per centum minerals and besides 1507 kJ nutrient energy. The parallel values after gm are 20.8 per centum, 5.6 per centum, 2.7 per centum and 1557 kJ, severally ( Hulse, 1991 ; Gopalan et al. , 1993 ) . Furthermore, the merchandises of gm contained 21.1 per centum protein, 3.1 per centum fat, 53.4 per centum saccharides, 11.1 per centum fibre and 5.9 per centum ash ( Khan et al. , 1995 ) . In another experiment, it was concluded that gm seed has 38-59 per centum saccharides, 3 per centum petroleum fibre, 4.8-5.5 per centum oil, 3 per centum ash, 0.2 per centum Ca and 0.3 per centum phosphoric. Digestibility of protein varied from 76-78 per centum and for saccharides from 57-60 per centum ( Huisman and Van der Poel, 1994 ) . Composite flour prepared by blending gram flour with wheat flour at 10, 15 and 20 per centum degree of replacing influenced the N keeping and digestibleness. Growth rate was besides increased with higher proportions of gram flour ( Kausar, 1976 ; Firdous et al. , 1977 ) Harmonizing to a scientific research, it is observed that garbanzo rich diet brings about many good alterations in nutrient picks and alimentary consumption. It was reported that the ingestion of 140 g/day cooked garbanzos and its flour based nutrients for six hebdomads resulted in a important addition in proteins degree and dietetic fibres consumption and besides lessening in concentrated fatty acids and cholesterin consumption in healthy middle-aged voluntaries ( Nestel et al. , 2006 ; Riccardi et al. , 2004 ; Yao and Roberts, 2001 ) .Cookies Prepared by utilizing Gram flourGrain leguminous plants and pulsations like gm contribute significantly towards nutritionary sweetening of nutrient merchandises and therefore carry throughing the balanced dietetic demands of people in developing and under developed states. Fortification of wheat flour with cheap basics, such as cereals and pulsations, helps in bettering the nutritionary quality of wheat merchandises ( Sharma et al. , 1999 ) . Gram flour is considered to be a good beginning of protein in the nutrient industry because of its big measure and high quality and easiness in treating to obtain protein enriched merchandises ( Rincon et al. , 1998 ) but the information on the munition of gram flour for cookies readying is instead bare. When the protein enriched biscuits were prepared from composite flours of wheat and different gm flours, it was noticed that the protein contents of biscuits were amplified as the degree of the gm flours increased ( Singh et al. , 1991 ) . Gram and mung bean flours are considered most advantageous for readying of protein fortified biscuits. These flours can be added in cooky preparation at different degrees of replacing. Supplement of garbanzos flour can increasingly increase the protein contents of biscuits. When the protein enriched biscuits were manufactured by utilizing chickpeas flours, the protein contents of biscuits were raised up to 21.83 g/100g as compared to wheat flour ( El-Nahas, 2008 ) . In a survey the physicochemical and centripetal belongingss of bastioned biscuits were evaluated and the biscuits were prepared by replacing wheat flour with specified concentrations ( 3 % , 6 % , 9 % , and 12 % ) of wide bean, gm and stray soy protein ( 3 % , 6 % , and 9 % ) . During proximate chemical analysis it was observed that munition increased protein contents from 16.57 per centum to 22.84 per centum. Acceptability survey showed that the supplementation of garbanzo and wide bean flour every bit good as isolated soy protein could be used in production of high-protein biscuits ( Rababah et al. , 2006 ) . Addition of 18 per centum gm flours to wheat flour biscuits increased the protein content from 10 per centum in market biscuits to 13 per centum in supplemented samples. Chickpea biscuits recorded best penchant among panellists and were significantly better than the other bastioned cookies ( El-Hag et al. , 2001 ) . In another experiment cookies were made by the replacing of wheat flour to 10, 20, 25 and 30 per centum by weight with gram/chick pea, mung bean or pigeon pea flours. Consequences of survey manifested that the best recognized cookies were those prepared from wheat flour incorporating 10 per centum of gram flour or 20 per centum of mung bean flour or 10 per centum of pigeon pea flour by weight, and protein content increased up to the degree of 7.45, 8.49 and 7.56 per centum on dry weight footing, severally ( Somchai et al. , 1998 ) . Biscuits supplemented with gram flour were prepared by blending gram flour at 5, 10 and 15 per centum degree of munition with wheat flour. It was reported that the nutritionary, rheological and centripetal properties of biscuits were improved at 10 percent degree of supplementation ( Nefisa et al. , 2006 ) . In another survey gram flour was assorted with wheat flour at a 15 to 25 per centum ( w/w ) replacing degree for doing supplemented cookies. From proximate analysis of cookies, it was concluded that gram flour was found suited for fixing dark-coloured cookies to enrich their protein and fibre contents ( Tsen et al. , 2006 ) .Biological Evaluation of CookiesNutritional and biological analysis of protein enriched cookies are performed to prove out bioavailability of proteins, biological value, net protein use ( NPU ) and protein efficiency ratio ( PER ) . These parametric quantities are normally checked by giving prescribed diet to prove animate beings like rats, mice and hogs etc. High protein biscuits were biological assayed by different research workers and interpreted that the add-on of 20 per centum defatted soy flour into biscuits recipe increased the digestibleness values from 68 per centum to 84 per centum as compared to command wheat flour based biscuits. The PER of soy flour cookies ( 1.4 ) had besides elevated to great extent ( Singh et al. , 2000 ) . In another experiment, the alimentary bastioned cookies were prepared by utilizing green gm pigeon pea flour. By analysing protein digestiblenesss on rats, it was revealed that the bastioned cookies showed significantly higher values than control diets ( Devi et al. , 2000 ) . Consequence of combinations of leguminous plant and millet flours on net protein use, biological value and true digestibleness was evaluated by utilizing albino Sprague-Dawley rats. It was reported that sorghum and gm combination had higher digestibleness. It was besides noticed that the rats fed upon gram-sorghum biscuits gained more weight than the others and had significantly higher biological values ( Geervani et al. , 1996 ) .AssortedGram flours are besides being used in the fabrication of bakeshop merchandises other than cookies for the intent of protein enrichment. During a recent survey the ability of garbanzo flour to enrich pasta merchandises ( e.g. lasagna ) was checked and found that the entire protein contents increased along with the degree of munition ( Sabanis et al. , 2006 ) . During surveies on the betterment of functional and baking belongingss of wheat-chickpea flour blends with add-on of gluten ( 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 per centum ) and sodium steroyl-lactylate ( SSL ) 0.5 per centum showed that garbanzo flour up to the degree of 10 per centum supplementation non merely better the functional and baking belongingss of dough but besides the over all protein contents of bakeshop merchandises increased ( Narpinder et al. , 2007 ) . In another experiment garbanzo flour ( CPF ) was used as addendum in the readying of bars. While detecting the quality attributes of bed and sponge bars, it was concluded that the add-on of garbanzo flour even at 100 percent degree of replacing with wheat flour for bar production is applicable. However, 20 to 50 per centum degree of CPF produces better consequences ( Gomez et al. , 2008 ) . Similarly staff of lifes were besides prepared from wheat flour supplemented with 0, 10, 20 and 30 per centum ungerminated or germinated gram flour to find different quality features of staff of life. It was examined the bastioned staff of lifes did non differ significantly, but the loaf fortified with 10 per centum germinated gram flour did non compare positively with the control ( Maria and Berry, 1989 ) . Gram flour is besides used for fabrication of extruded merchandises. Like in a survey, engineers successfully made usage of gm flour for the readying of nutritionally enhanced spaghetti. It was concluded that Gram flour-fortii ¬?ed spaghetti was extremely acceptable to consumers and had sensible pasta quality, lower cookery loss and less stickiness than the control spaghetti and besides retained better texture than hard wheat after infrigidation ( Wood, 2009 ) . It is apparent from old literature that the enrichment of protein in bakeshop merchandises has been a phenomenal exercising for research workers. Protein contents in cookies are being improved by using assorted works beginnings particularly grain leguminous plants and pulsations. Among these gms flour is proved more suited than other possible protein beginnings for replacing with wheat flour in bakeshop goods, due to its easy handiness, low cost, more good wellness chances and good pleasant gustatory sensation.Chapter 3MATERIALS AND METHODSThe proposed research was carried out at National Agricultural Research Centre ( NARC ) , Islamabad and in the Department of Food Technology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi and partly at National Institute of Health ( N.I.H ) , Islamabad.PROCUREMENT OF RAW MATERIALSThe natural stuff like consecutive grade flour, gram flour, hydrogenated vegetable fat and all the other ingredients for the readying of cookies were purchased from the loc al market.Preparation OF GRAM AND STRAIGHT GRADE FLOURS BLENDSTreatments under StudyThe gm flour was assorted with consecutive grade flour at different degrees, for the readying of cookies as given in table 3.1.Preparation OF COOKIESThe cookies with 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 per centum supplementation degree of gram flour was prepared harmonizing to the AACC ( 2000 ) method No.10-50D with little alterations. The formula used for doing cookies is shown in table 3.2.Table 3.1: Percentage composing of Composite flours ( Straight rate flour + Gram flour )Treatments Straight grade flour ( % ) Gram flour ( % ) T0 100 0 T1 90 10 T2 80 20 T3 70 30 T4 60 40 T5 50 50Table 3.2 Recipe used for cookies readyingIngredientsWeightFlour/ composite flour100 gSugar45 gHydrogenated vegetable ghee50 gDextrose solution4.5 milliliterBeaten egg12.5 milliliterBaking pulverization1.0 gChemical AND NUTRITIONAL ANALYSISProximate Analysis of Straight Grade Flour, Gram Flour, Composite Flours and CookiesStraight Grade Flour, Gram Flour and Composite Flours were analyzed for their proximate composing harmonizing to their several methods described in AACC ( 2000 ) . Gram flour supplemented cookies and wheat flour cookies were analyzed for wet content, petroleum protein, petroleum fat, petroleum fibre and mineral contents harmonizing to their several methods as described in AACC ( 2000 ) with little alterations where necessary.Moisture contentThe wet content of each sample was determined by drying 2 g sample in a hot air oven at a temperature of 130 A ± 2 A °C boulder clay to a changeless weight harmonizing to AACC ( 2000 ) Method No. 44-19. The wet was calculat ed by the undermentioned expression: Wt. of wet ( g ) Wt. of sample ( g ) Moisture ( % ) = — — — — – A-100Crude proteinThe petroleum protein content was determined in each sample by Kjeldahl ‘s method as described in AACC ( 2000 ) Method No. 46-10. Sample ( 0.5 g ) was digested with concentrated H2SO4 in the presence of digestion mixture. ( K2SO4, CuSO4, and FeSO4 with 100:10:5 parts severally ) . The digested sample was so filtrated and volume was made to 250 milliliter. The 10 milliliter of diluted sample was distilled with 40 per centum NaOH into 4 per centum boric acid which was so titrated with 0.1 N H2SO4 to illume tap colour terminal point. Vol. of 0.1 N H2SO4 used x 0.0014 x 250 N ( % ) = x 100 Weight of sample x Vol. of diluted sample used Protein ( % ) = Nitrogen ( % ) X 6.25Crude fatThe fat per centum was determined by utilizing crude oil ether as dissolver in Soxhlet setup harmonizing to method described in AACC ( 2000 ) method No. 30-10. Following expression was used to cipher the fat % Wt. of fat ( g ) Wt. of sample ( g ) Fat ( % ) = — — — — – A-100Crude fibreFor finding of petroleum fibre content, the defatted and dried samples ( 2.0 g ) were digested with 1.25 % H2SO4 followed by 1.25 % NaOH solution and filtered as described in AACC ( 2000 ) method No. 32-10.01. The filtered samples were dried in hot air oven. Then dried samples were weighed and placed in muffle furnace at 550-600 A °C for 5-6 hours. The undermentioned expression was used to find the fibre content. Wt. of sample ( g ) Wt. loss on ignition ( g ) Crude Fiber ( % ) = — — — — – A-100AshWt. of ash ( g ) The ash content of each sample was determined by incinerating the dry sample in Muffle furnace at 500-600 EsC for 5 to 6 hours as described in AACC ( 2000 ) method No. 08-01.The following expression was used to cipher the ash content. Wt. of sample ( g ) Ash ( % ) = — — — — – A-100Nitrogen free infusionNitrogen free infusion was determined by utilizing the undermentioned expression: NFE ( % ) = 100 – ( wet % + petroleum protein % + petroleum fat % + rough fibre % + ash % )Mineral EstimationMinerals ( Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn ) in cookies were determined by AACC ( 2000 ) Method No. 40-70 by utilizing atomic soaking up spectrophotometer ( Model GBC 932 PLUS, UK ) . The samples were wet digested harmonizing to the method reported by Richard ( 1969 ) before running through Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.Physical EvaluationPhysical features of cookies ( breadth, thickness and dispersed factor ) were determined harmonizing to AACC ( 2000 ) Method No. 10-53.FARINOGRAPHIC STUDIESThe flour samples were through Brabender farinograph equipped with 50 g bowl capacity to asses the physical dough behaviour of different flour samples harmonizing to AACC ( 2000 ) . The undermentioned parametric quantities were derived from the farinograms:Water AbsorptionThe H2O soaking up capacity of the flour was measured as the sum of H2O required to make the curve at the centre 500 Brabender units ( B.U. ) line of the farinogram. It was straight recorded from the H2O degree in the burette attached with the equipment and expressed as per centum.Dough Development TimeIt is observed as the clip taken by the curve to make the point of maximal dough consistence before the first indicant of weakening.Dough StabilityDough stableness was recorded from the farinogram as the difference in the clip between the point where the top of the curve foremost cross the 500 B.U. line, known as arrival clip and the point where the top of the curve departs from it which is called as going clip.Time to BreakdownIt was noted as the clip from the add-on of H2O until top of the curve declined from the 500 B.U. line.Tolerance IndexThe tolerance index was calculated as the difference between the centres of the curve 5 proceedingss after the extremum. It was besides measured in B.U.Centripetal EVALUATIONCentripetal rating ( coloring material, spirit, gustatory sensation, texture and over all acceptableness ) of cookies was determined harmonizing to the method of Larmond ( 1977 ) .Biological EVALUATION OF BISCUITSThe biological rating of gm based protein enriched biscuits was done at National Institute of Health ( Veterinary Division ) , Islamabad by feeding different diets to immature albino rats ( Sprague-Dawley ) of unvarying age. The rats were purchased from N.I.H. ( Veterinary Division ) , Islamabad. The eating tests ( Table 3.3 ) were conducted harmonizing to the process adopted by Tetens et Al. ( 1995 ) with little accommodations as done by Awan et al. , ( 1995 ) .Experimental ProcedureThirty two immature albino rats were used for the nutritionary rating of the experimental diets. All the diets were kept isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The rats were fed on basal diet for a period of 1 hebdomad and so randomly divided into 8 groups consisting of 4 rats each. All the experimental diets ( Table 3.3 ) were indiscriminately allotted to each group. All the groups wer e fed ad-libitum for a period of 10 yearss. Composite weight of each group of rats was recorded daily with electronic top burden balance. The body waste of each group of rat were besides collected on the separate filter paper sheet. Fresh and clean H2O was provided all the times to each group in separate graduated glass bottles. At the terminal of 10 yearss, the fecal stuff was collected and dried at 105 A °C and stored in polythene bags for nitrogen appraisal. Then the rats were killed by trichloromethane anaesthesia. The organic structure and meat were dried at 105 A °C. After full drying all the stuff was grinded through electric bomber and stored in polythene bags for nitrogen appraisal. The nutritionary parametric quantities like provender ingestion and organic structure weight, protein efficiency ratio, true digestibleness, net protein use and biological value were determined by following the method of Miller and Bender ( 1955 ) .Feed Consumption and Body WeightFeed ingest ion of different groups of rats was measured on day-to-day footing. The weight of each group was besides recorded on day-to-day footing. The record of feed consumption and organic structure weight was maintained.Protein Efficiency Ratio ( P.E.R. )PER of different experimental diets was determined from weight addition and protein consumption informations of rats as described below: Addition in weight Protein intakeP.E.R. = — — — –True Digestibility ( T.D. )True Digestibility was determined as given below: Nitrogen intake – ( Faecal N-Metabolic N ) T.D. = — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — – ten 100 Nitrogen consumptionNet Protein Utilization ( NPU )The N content of diets, fecal matters and carcase of each group including protein free group were determined by micro kjeldahl ‘s method. The net protein use was determined by the method of Miller and Bender ( 1955 ) as shown below: B-Bk + Ik N.P.U. ( % ) = — — — — — — — — A- 100 I Where B = Body N of trial group Bk = Body N of protein free group I = N consumption of trial group Ik = N consumption of protein free groupBiological ValueIt was calculated by using the undermentioned expression: Net protein use B.V. ( % ) = — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — x 100 True digestiblenessStatistical AnalysisThe information obtained was analyzed by utilizing analysis of discrepancy technique harmonizing to the method of Steel et Al. ( 1997 ) .Table 3.3 Composition of assorted diets incorporating supplemented cookiesIngredients Diets T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Casein ( Tc ) Non-Protein ( Tnp ) Casein––––––6.0–Cookies 87.6 78.0 73.8 66.7 59.9 54.9––Glucose 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 Vitamin premix 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Mineral premix 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Corn oil 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Corn amylum 1.4 11 15.2 22.3 29.1 34.1 83.0 89.0 Entire 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 T0 = Control ( consecutive rate flour cookies ) T1 = 10 % gram flour incorporating cookies T2 = 20 % gram flour incorporating cookies T3 = 30 % gram flour incorporating cookies T4 = 40 % gram flour incorporating cookies T5 = 50 % gram flour incorporating cookies Tc = Casein diet Tnp = Non-protein diet