Practice and Exercise Question Essay Example for Free

Practice and Exercise Question Essay Why is it important to use systems analysis and design methodologies when building a system? Why not just build the system in whatever way seems to be â€Å"quick and easy? † What value is provided by using an â€Å"engineering† approach? It is important to use systems analysis and design methodologies when building a system because it improves organizational systems that can help employees reach important business tasks easily and more efficiently. Although, quick and easy is just that, it might not work properly. It is best to have a design and a way to improve. Using the â€Å"engineering† approach will allows you the option to add or remove any pieces that does not work well in your design. 8. How might prototyping be used as part of the SDLC? Prototyping is building a small model of the information system you want to design. This can be very useful because you are able to see, in smaller scale, how your information system will work. When used as a part of the SDLC, it can help the analyst understand what the user wants. With the prototype, you are also able to make changes based on user needs, and then see how well the changes work. Chapter 2 3. In the section on choosing off-the-shelf software, eight criteria are proposed for evaluating alternative packages. Suppose the choice is between alternative custom software developers rather than prewritten packages. What criteria would be appropriate to select and compare among competing bidders for custom development of an application? Define each of these criteria. The eight criteria for evaluating alternative packages are cost, functionality, vendor support, viability of vendor, flexibility, documentation, response time, ease of installation. I believe that vendor support would best the most important criteria to use on deciding which path to take. With custom software, there is usually bugs in the system, and having vendor support to help with these issues would be helpful. That way your business down not have any down time. Vendor support would include everything for installation to problems happening after install. ? 4. How might the project team recommending an ERP design strategy justify its recommendation as compared with other types of design strategies? The project team could justify recommending an ERP design strategy by stating that this design would keep the business data in location that is usable by the company. It would also allow for other modules to be added and usable immediately.

The Plight of the Common Man in Herman Melvilles Bartleby, the Scriven

George Edward Woodberry, author of the Heart of Man, published in 1899, emphasized the significance of the role of the individual as an active and equal partner in American democratic rule: The doctrine of the equality of mankind by virtue of their birth as men, with its consequent right to equality of opportunity for self-development as a part of social justice, establishes a common basis of conviction, in respect to man, and a definite end as one main object of the State; and these elements are primary in the democratic scheme. Liberty is the next step, and is the means by which that end is secured. It is so cardinal in democracy to strive for a balance between the individual and the mass, so that the identification of the common man as an American ensures him of the promises proposed by the government. (226-227). During the early 1800's, America struggled with the search for identity and the shift toward Liberal Individualism. The revolutionary words of freedom, equality, and brotherhood gave birth to the doctrine of government by the people, for the people, and of the people. These principles were the substance of democracy; these tenets, though fundamentally sound and idealistically honorable, seemed elementary, but to assume that the ideals of democracy were rudimentary and easily attained was a national betrayal. This betrayal, depicted as the futility of the individual to achieve political and representational inclusion in the government and, more importantly, the realization of his importance, belied the struggle. The shift toward Liberal Individualism created the need for a balance between the individual and the community. The election of 1828, which propelled Andrew Jackson to national prominence, marked... ...ye, Thomas R. and L. Harmon Zeigler. The Irony of Democracy. Belmont: Wadsworth, 1970. Hancock, Ralph C. ?Tocqueville?s practical reason.? Perspectives on Political Science 27 (Fall 1998): 212-19. Hans, James S. ?Emptiness and plenitude in Bartleby the scrivener and The crying of lot 49.? Essays in Literature 22 (Fall 1995): 285-99. Hudson, William E. American Democracy in Peril. Chatham: Chatham House, 1995. Stovall, Floyd. American Idealism. Port Washington: Kennikat, 1943. Strong, Douglas M. Perfectionist Politics: Abolitionism and The Religious Tensions Of American Democracy. Syracuse: Syracuse UP, 1999. Strout, Cushing. Making American Tradition. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1990. Wilentz, Sean. ?Striving for Democracy.? The Wilson Quarterly 23 (Spring 1999): 47-54. Woodberry, George Edward. Heart of Man. London: Macmillan, 1899.

Government policies Essay

Describe, with examples, the impact of government policies on different public services P5 Identify how society is affected by government policies In the UK, policies are in place in order to protect us and help enforce diversity and equality. Sometimes they are not always positively impacted on our society and public services; they can be negative as well. In this assignment, I will cover both the impacts of government policies on the public services and how society is affected. Human Rights The most commonly known policy that has affected all of the services is the human rights policy. This act was passed in the UK in 1998 which protected us and gave us the right to life, education, liberty and security and freedom of expression. Whenever these rights are violated, the victim may take the service or person to take and challenge the actions of the violator. A Police Officer was accused of violating someone rights after hitting a student (Tony Jones) in the face. They violated freedom of assembly and association, freedom of expression and freedom of thought. Just like many cases- This one was also dismissed and the Officer wasn’t charged for the suspected violation. Equal Opportunities Very similar to Human Rights- Equal Opportunities also protect us. While this has been around for a while, the equality act was republished in 2010 which terminates any discrimination against â€Å"age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion and belief, sex and sexual orientation.† If for example you are applying for the Public Service and you are bisexual then the service cannot refuse your application because of your sexual orientation. If you are a male Sikh and you wanted to join the Force, you are allowed to wear a blue police turban with the badge of your force being displayed. This policy stops people from becoming more ‘important’ than others which allow everyone to be treated fairly and not the same. Civilianisation As part of the financial cut back on the Public Services, more civilians are doing non-operational work. This includes more civilians working in the  communication control centre which dispatches emergency services to 999 calls. A key reason for civilianisation is because it is a lot cheaper than employing trained employees who can do the same but with little training or experience. Fire Station Closures Fire Station closures is apart of the Government’s plan to increase savings. In London alone, 10 Fire Stations have been forced to shut down which has led hundreds of Firefighters jobless. Even the oldest serving Fire Station in Clerkenwell has been shut down. This means- For anyone who dials 999 and asks for the Fire and Rescue service, the fire fighters will take longer to arrive to the scene compared to before where there might have been a Fire Station nearby. As a consequence, Communities are not feeling safe which results in protests. Increased use of Technology The use of advanced technology being used during modern warfare has not only saved our armed services from being killed or injured, it also allowed us to get surveillance over areas that we would have never been able to. Drones and satellites have allowed us to spy over our enemies and also kill them. Metal Detectors allowed the frontline to find improvise explosive device (IED) which would have saved hundreds of lives alone. Unfortunately, it isn’t always as expected. Drones are also responsible for thousands of civilians’ life during the Afghanistan War and they have even taken our lives (Green on Blue). In the UK, increase use of technology has also saved lives and helps prosecute criminals. The increase of CCTV in the UK allowed us to record and catch criminals and serves them justice. While some people believe they violate their privacy, some people feel a lot protected within communities. Examples of society affected by Government Policies They’re many policies that affect us both positively and negatively. Examples of a few are; Tuition fees VAT rises Sales of Council Houses Tuition Fees Tuition fees are probably one of the negatives about attending  further-education. If you’re attending University then expect an expensive fee after your course that you are required to pay back each month. Many graduates are still paying their fees even after 5-10 years. The main reason why society is affected by the fees is because less people are attending university purely because it’s too costly. Even after graduation, you are not guaranteed a job so some people become jobless while having to pay back the debt. VAT rises Every item you purchase legally has a VAT which increases the overall cost of the item. This is normally a 20% increase which is quite costly- depending on the item. If you were to buy a computer for  £500(no VAT) then the final price would be  £600. This means many families are forced into poverty while they have to struggle on surviving on minimum wage. Sales of council houses Selling of council houses is becoming an increasing issue in the UK as people and even businesses are buying the house out. This means hundreds of family homes are now owned by private landlords or individual people. As a consequence, families are finding it difficult to find family-homes to live in. How Society is affected by Government Policies When Society does not agree with a new policy that the Government put into place, it normally results in protests near Governmental Buildings with signs criticising the work of Government. However, protests are both peaceful and violent. There are several types of protests such as: -Sit-ins -Marching -Legal Action -Striking -Violating Laws Sit in This is one of the common types of protests. This means staying in one location while refusing to leave. An example of a previous sit-in is the protest outside the United Nations (U.N). Marching This involves walking from different locations while holding signs and normally shouting. One of the most famous marching was led by Martin Luther King in 1963. This protest was to promote civil rights and equality for the ethnic minority. Legal Action Though this isn’t a mass-protest, it is still a form which people still use. This involves taking a person or company to court in order to press legal charges against them. In 2012, the Democratic Party sued Florida because of the presidential election results. Striking This is commonly scene among Teachers who believe they are not paid enough or the Government plan on cutting their pay check. Striking means refusing to cooperate with your employer till your demands are met. This is normally a mass-protest since you are highly likely to be fired if you general didn’t listen to your Boss. Violating Laws (Riots) Riots are normally as a result of the Public feeling angry against the Government’s decision. Riots involve people burning down buildings, looting, criminal damage and even murder. During the 2011 Riot, 5 people were murdered, over 100 Police Officers injured and over 10 protesters injured.

How Loud Could Dinosaurs Roar

In just about every dinosaur movie ever made, theres a scene in which Tyrannosaurus rex lunges into the frame, opens its tooth-studded jaws at a near-ninety-degree angle, and emits a deafening roar — perhaps toppling its human antagonists backward, perhaps only dislodging their hats. This gets a huge rise from the audience, every time, but the fact is that we know practically nothing about how T. rex and its ilk vocalized. Its not like there were any tape recorders 70 million years ago, during the late Cretaceous period, and sound waves dont tend to preserve well in the fossil record. Before examining the evidence, its amusing to go behind-the-scenes and explore how cinematic roars are produced. According to the book, The Making of Jurassic Park, the roar of the movies T. rex included a combination of the sounds made by elephants, alligators, and tigers. The Velociraptors in the film were vocalized by horses, tortoises, and geese. From the perspective of evolution, only two of those animals are anywhere near the ballpark of dinosaurs. Alligators evolved from the same archosaurs that spawned the dinosaurs during the late Triassic period. Geese can trace their lineage back to the small, feathered dinosaurs of the Mesozoic Era. Did Dinosaurs Have Larynxes? All mammals possess a larynx, a structure of cartilage and muscle that manipulates air emitted by the lungs and produces characteristic grunts, squeals, roars, and cocktail-party chatter. This organ also pops up (probably as the result of convergent evolution) in a confusing array of other animals, including turtles, crocodiles, and even salamanders. One lineage in which its noticeably absent is birds. This presents a bit of a dilemma. Since its known that birds are descended from dinosaurs, this would imply that dinosaurs (at least meat-eating dinosaurs, or theropods) did not possess larynxes, either. What birds do have is a syrinx, an organ in the trachea that produces melodious sounds in most species (and harsher, mimicking noises in parrots) when vibrated. Unfortunately, theres every reason to believe that birds evolved syrinxes after they had already split off from their dinosaur ancestors, so it cant be concluded that dinosaurs were equipped with syrinxes, as well. Thats probably a good thing; imagine a full-grown Spinosaurus opening its jaws wide and emitting a sonorous cheep! There is a third alternative, proposed by researchers in July 2016: Perhaps dinosaurs indulged in closed-mouth vocalization, which presumably would require neither a larynx nor a syrinx. The resulting sound would be like the cooing of a pigeon, only presumably much louder. Dinosaurs May Have Vocalized in Very Strange Ways So does this leave history with 165 million years worth of unnervingly silent dinosaurs? Not at all. The fact is that there are many ways in which animals can communicate with sound, not all of them involving larynxes or syrinxes. Ornithischian dinosaurs may have communicated by clicking their horny beaks, or sauropods by stomping on the ground or flicking their tails. Throw in the hisses of modern-day snakes, the rattles of modern-day rattlesnakes, the chirping of crickets (created when these insects rub their wings together), and the high-frequency signals emitted by bats. Theres no reason to posit a Jurassic landscape that sounds like a Buster Keaton film. In fact, there is hard evidence for one unusual way in which dinosaurs communicated. Many hadrosaurs, or duck-billed dinosaurs, were equipped with elaborate head crests. The function of these crests may have been exclusively visual in some species (say, recognizing a fellow herd member from afar), while in others it had a distinct auditory function. For example, researchers have performed simulations on the hollow head crest of Parasaurolophus, which show that it vibrated like a didgeridoo when funneled with blasts of air. The same principle may apply to the big-nosed ceratopsian Pachyrhinosaurus. Did Dinosaurs Need to Vocalize at All? All of this begs an important question: Just how essential was it for dinosaurs to communicate with one another via sound, rather than by other means? Lets consider birds again. The reason most small birds trill, cheep, and whistle is because theyre very small, and would otherwise have a hard time locating each other in dense forests or even in the branches of a single tree. The same principle doesnt apply to dinosaurs. Even in thick underbrush, one presumes that the average Triceratops or Diplodocus would have no problem seeing another of its kind, so there would exist no selective pressure for the ability to vocalize. A corollary to this, even if dinosaurs couldnt vocalize, they still had plenty of non-auditory ways to communicate with one another. Its possible, for instance, that the broad frills of ceratopsians or the dorsal plates of stegosaurs flushed pink in the presence of danger, or that some dinosaurs communicated by scent rather than sound. Perhaps a Brachiosaurus female in estrus emitted a smell that could be detected within a radius of 10 miles. Some dinosaurs may even have been hard-wired to detect vibrations in the ground. That would be a good way to avoid larger predators or catch up with a migrating herd. How Loud Was the Tyrannosaurus Rex? But lets get back to our original example. If you insist, despite all the evidence presented above, that T. rex roared, you have to ask yourself why modern animals roar? Despite what youve seen in movies, a lion wont roar while its hunting; that would only scare away its prey. Rather, lions roar (as far as science can tell) in order to mark their territory and warn other lions away. As big and fierce as it was, did T. rex really need to emit 150-decibel roars to warn off others of its kind? Maybe, maybe not. But until science learns more about how dinosaurs communicated, that will have to remain a matter of speculation. Source Riede, Tobias, et al. â€Å"Coos, Booms, and Hoots: The Evolution of Closed-Mouth Vocal Behavior in Birds.† Evolution, vol. 70, no. 8, Dec. 2016, pp. 1734–1746., doi:10.1111/evo.12988.